WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.000 --> 00:00:05.000 [ Music ] 00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:20.220 I like computers a lot, and I want to learn more about it, 00:00:20.220 --> 00:00:26.150 because I want to study computer science 00:00:26.150 --> 00:00:32.530 so that's my career that I want to have in the future. 00:00:32.530 --> 00:00:36.200 The only thing I need help with is turning 00:00:36.200 --> 00:00:39.500 the computer on and putting the headset on my head. 00:00:39.500 --> 00:00:43.560 Other than that, I can operate just about anything else by myself. 00:00:43.567 --> 00:00:45.400 It's a real accomplishment and you 00:00:45.400 --> 00:00:48.140 really feel proud of yourself when you're actually able 00:00:48.140 --> 00:00:52.050 to make progress and do something without having to ask 00:00:52.050 --> 00:00:53.850 somebody else, you know. 00:00:53.850 --> 00:00:56.110 It's like you actually did it by yourself, yea! 00:00:56.970 --> 00:00:59.090 Besides an interest in technology, 00:00:59.090 --> 00:01:02.420 what these people have in common is mobility impairment. 00:01:02.420 --> 00:01:04.180 But each one is different, 00:01:04.180 --> 00:01:06.000 and so is the way they use their computers. 00:01:06.080 --> 00:01:10.050 It's pretty rare that there'd be a one-size-fits-all 00:01:10.050 --> 00:01:11.880 technology for people. 00:01:11.880 --> 00:01:15.350 Each person with a disability, with a mobility impairment, 00:01:15.350 --> 00:01:20.070 is going to have a unique setup that's suited to meet their needs. 00:01:20.070 --> 00:01:24.730 And they need to be the end client that decides, 00:01:24.730 --> 00:01:28.120 "Is this technology working for me or is there something else that 00:01:28.120 --> 00:01:30.960 I'd rather use that would suit me better?" 00:01:30.960 --> 00:01:33.270 An individual's mobility impairment may 00:01:33.270 --> 00:01:36.220 or may not be obvious to others, and people with similar 00:01:36.220 --> 00:01:40.540 medical conditions may need different types of adaptive technology. 00:01:40.540 --> 00:01:42.260 The important thing is to work closely with 00:01:42.270 --> 00:01:45.000 the person using the computer to figure out the best fit. 00:01:46.200 --> 00:01:52.950 Pay attention to the individual and what he or she needs, 00:01:52.950 --> 00:01:57.870 both through observation of him or her in the actual 00:01:57.870 --> 00:02:00.160 environment in which the technology will be, 00:02:00.160 --> 00:02:06.560 is being used, and also through consultations with the individual. 00:02:08.064 --> 00:02:09.389 We'll show you some examples of adaptive technology 00:02:09.389 --> 00:02:13.620 that have been used effectively by people with mobility impairments. 00:02:13.620 --> 00:02:16.470 And we'll start with getting to the computer. 00:02:19.800 --> 00:02:24.160 You can't use a computer if you can't reach it. 00:02:24.160 --> 00:02:26.550 You have to be able to get in the building, 00:02:26.550 --> 00:02:30.740 get through the aisles, and sit comfortably at the workstation. 00:02:30.740 --> 00:02:32.600 Computers at work and at school should be 00:02:32.610 --> 00:02:36.200 in locations that are accessible to people using wheelchairs. 00:02:36.200 --> 00:02:40.990 Physical access to buildings, labs, classrooms, 00:02:40.990 --> 00:02:46.450 all that is extremely important because this technology, 00:02:46.450 --> 00:02:50.010 no matter how good it is, is completely unusable 00:02:50.010 --> 00:02:54.250 to a physically disabled person if they can't get to it. 00:02:54.750 --> 00:02:59.200 And that means having a ramp, if there are stairs; 00:02:59.200 --> 00:03:02.460 having an elevator, if there are stairs inside the building; 00:03:02.460 --> 00:03:05.460 having enough room between aisles if it's a computer lab; 00:03:05.460 --> 00:03:07.900 or having enough room in the hallway. 00:03:08.960 --> 00:03:11.460 The furniture makes a difference too. 00:03:11.460 --> 00:03:13.160 It's important to be flexible in the way you position 00:03:13.170 --> 00:03:16.760 keyboards, computer screens, and table height. 00:03:16.760 --> 00:03:19.500 Adjustable tables can be cranked higher or lower, 00:03:19.500 --> 00:03:22.750 so that the monitor is at the most comfortable height. 00:03:22.750 --> 00:03:25.440 Keyboard trays can move up and down, or tilt, 00:03:25.440 --> 00:03:27.320 to make typing easier. 00:03:31.860 --> 00:03:34.440 Some people with mobility impairments don't have 00:03:34.440 --> 00:03:38.820 the flexibility or range of motion to use a standard keyboard. 00:03:38.820 --> 00:03:42.400 Fortunately, there's a wide range of alternatives available. 00:03:42.400 --> 00:03:46.420 Some of those are already built into current popular operating systems. 00:03:46.420 --> 00:03:48.840 The fact that there are some basic features built 00:03:48.840 --> 00:03:52.790 into operating systems is really important. There are some very 00:03:52.790 --> 00:03:56.420 simple things that can be done using control panels, 00:03:56.420 --> 00:04:00.980 accessibility options control panels, that give access, basic access, 00:04:00.980 --> 00:04:03.680 to the keyboard and to the operating system. 00:04:03.690 --> 00:04:06.330 For example, someone using a single finger 00:04:06.330 --> 00:04:09.190 or a mouth stick wouldn't be able to type two keys 00:04:09.190 --> 00:04:12.850 simultaneously, such as "control" and something else. 00:04:12.850 --> 00:04:16.890 There's a setting that allows those keys to be entered sequentially. 00:04:17.400 --> 00:04:19.880 Another setting eliminates repeated keystrokes 00:04:19.890 --> 00:04:22.860 for someone who keeps a key pressed down too long. 00:04:22.860 --> 00:04:25.960 And features such as AutoCorrect, which are common 00:04:25.960 --> 00:04:29.420 in word processing software and other applications 00:04:29.420 --> 00:04:32.320 allow the user to abbreviate long words or even sentences 00:04:32.320 --> 00:04:33.940 with a brief letter sequence. 00:04:33.950 --> 00:04:36.270 Once the abbreviations are set, 00:04:36.270 --> 00:04:39.880 they can make typing faster and more accurate. 00:04:39.880 --> 00:04:42.280 There are also physical adaptations to consider. 00:04:42.280 --> 00:04:43.760 For example, a keyguard. 00:04:44.370 --> 00:04:50.060 The keyguard's a grid that fits over the keyboard 00:04:50.060 --> 00:04:55.320 and it has holes for each key and prevents people from 00:04:55.320 --> 00:05:01.080 typing a key they didn't mean to hit 00:05:01.080 --> 00:05:05.120 if their movements are not controlled. 00:05:06.600 --> 00:05:08.240 For people who have limited range of motion, 00:05:08.250 --> 00:05:10.990 a mini-keyboard may be helpful. 00:05:10.990 --> 00:05:13.790 There and also left- and right-handed keyboards, 00:05:13.790 --> 00:05:15.840 which can be used with only one hand. 00:05:15.840 --> 00:05:19.300 For someone with good range of motion but poor dexterity, 00:05:19.300 --> 00:05:21.940 there are keyboards with extra-large keys. 00:05:25.550 --> 00:05:28.060 For someone who can't activate a keyboard physically, 00:05:28.060 --> 00:05:30.300 a virtual keyboard may be useful. 00:05:30.300 --> 00:05:32.230 This appears on a computer screen 00:05:32.230 --> 00:05:33.920 as a picture of a keyboard. 00:05:33.920 --> 00:05:37.050 The keys can be activated with a mouse, trackball, 00:05:37.050 --> 00:05:39.110 or alternative pointing system. 00:05:39.110 --> 00:05:42.100 Some virtual keyboards may include features such as 00:05:42.100 --> 00:05:45.660 alternate key layouts or word prediction software. 00:05:51.740 --> 00:05:54.560 Word prediction programs help people type correctly 00:05:54.560 --> 00:05:55.740 and more quickly. 00:05:55.750 --> 00:05:59.780 The program prompts the user with a list of possible word choices 00:05:59.780 --> 00:06:01.720 based on words that have already been typed. 00:06:01.740 --> 00:06:05.080 Some programs collect new words as they're used and work with 00:06:05.080 --> 00:06:08.015 the user's common vocabulary in making predictions. 00:06:08.015 --> 00:06:12.475 I've thrown in a letter. Let's say I've thrown in a "T" 00:06:12.480 --> 00:06:15.340 and, like, five words that start with "T" will pop up, 00:06:15.350 --> 00:06:17.970 the most common ones that I use. 00:06:17.970 --> 00:06:21.340 They'll pop up and I'll click on it and it'll just print it up. 00:06:25.920 --> 00:06:28.620 Graphical user interfaces are everywhere 00:06:28.620 --> 00:06:31.470 and you need to have some sort of a pointing device 00:06:31.470 --> 00:06:33.880 to access the material on the computer 00:06:33.880 --> 00:06:36.990 icons, clicking, pointing all those things. 00:06:36.990 --> 00:06:39.110 So you either need to use a mouse 00:06:39.110 --> 00:06:41.320 or find an alternative to using the mouse. 00:06:42.800 --> 00:06:44.840 Trackballs are a good place to start. 00:06:44.850 --> 00:06:48.870 The trackball's control surface is easier to manipulate than the mouse. 00:06:48.870 --> 00:06:53.560 On some trackballs, buttons provide features such as double-clicking, 00:06:53.560 --> 00:06:55.770 click-and-hold, and other commands. 00:06:55.770 --> 00:06:58.300 They can be used on the desk, or for people 00:06:58.300 --> 00:07:01.800 who use their feet instead of their hands, on the floor. 00:07:01.800 --> 00:07:05.730 People with good head control, but no use of their limbs 00:07:05.730 --> 00:07:08.740 can use a head controlled pointing system. 00:07:08.740 --> 00:07:11.910 This system uses infrared detection and a transmitter, 00:07:11.910 --> 00:07:14.120 or reflector worn on the user's head. 00:07:14.120 --> 00:07:16.780 It translates head movements into pointer movements 00:07:16.780 --> 00:07:17.970 on the screen. 00:07:17.970 --> 00:07:20.540 This can be combined with an on-screen keyboard 00:07:20.540 --> 00:07:22.360 for full computer control. 00:07:22.360 --> 00:07:24.220 Well the Head Master that I use, 00:07:24.220 --> 00:07:30.720 it just controls the mouse, the cursor on the keyboard. 00:07:30.720 --> 00:07:34.760 The little thing that I blow into, that's the button click. 00:07:42.520 --> 00:07:43.980 Switches work with a box 00:07:43.990 --> 00:07:46.860 or an emulator that sends keyboard or mouse commands 00:07:46.860 --> 00:07:48.000 to the computer. 00:07:48.000 --> 00:07:50.220 They come in a wide variety and can be controlled 00:07:50.220 --> 00:07:51.960 with nearly any body part. 00:07:51.960 --> 00:07:54.900 Some people will use a switch mounted on an arm 00:07:54.910 --> 00:07:59.550 and this arm can be mounted so that it's in just the right 00:07:59.550 --> 00:08:01.250 location for users. 00:08:01.250 --> 00:08:07.050 Some may use one switch that's just an on-off switch 00:08:07.050 --> 00:08:10.180 that then interfaces with the computer and most often, 00:08:10.180 --> 00:08:14.140 that is used in a way that it's either controlling an on-screen 00:08:14.140 --> 00:08:17.290 keyboard so that they can do the standard keystrokes. 00:08:17.290 --> 00:08:20.800 And then software can also be used with that same switch 00:08:20.800 --> 00:08:23.590 to control the direction of a mouse 00:08:23.590 --> 00:08:28.280 and then the right and left mouse clicks using that same switch. 00:08:28.280 --> 00:08:30.230 Scanning and Morse code 00:08:30.230 --> 00:08:33.289 are two of the input methods that rely on switches. 00:08:33.289 --> 00:08:35.090 With scanning, the user activates 00:08:35.090 --> 00:08:37.840 a switch that brings up an options menu on the screen 00:08:37.840 --> 00:08:39.690 then continues to activate the switch 00:08:39.690 --> 00:08:41.890 to make specific choices. 00:08:41.890 --> 00:08:44.520 Morse code uses a sip-and-puff switch 00:08:44.520 --> 00:08:47.210 where dot is a sip and dash is a puff. 00:08:47.210 --> 00:08:49.590 Special hardware and software translates 00:08:49.590 --> 00:08:52.960 Morse code into a form that computers understand. 00:08:52.960 --> 00:08:55.040 Any switch system should be mounted 00:08:55.040 --> 00:08:56.800 by a knowledgeable professional. 00:08:56.800 --> 00:08:59.770 So it's useful to think about a wide range 00:08:59.770 --> 00:09:03.230 of accommodation needs for people with mobility impairments. 00:09:03.230 --> 00:09:07.710 People may use a light-activated switch near their eyes 00:09:07.710 --> 00:09:11.140 that they can do a long blink or a short blink 00:09:11.140 --> 00:09:14.650 and then, with that input device, 00:09:14.650 --> 00:09:17.510 even the person with that severe limitation 00:09:17.510 --> 00:09:19.380 can control a computer. 00:09:19.380 --> 00:09:22.370 They can use an onscreen keyboard and write to somebody. 00:09:22.370 --> 00:09:24.840 They could go to the Web, do things everybody else 00:09:24.840 --> 00:09:26.600 is used to using on the computer. 00:09:26.600 --> 00:09:29.250 Others may have more functionality. 00:09:29.250 --> 00:09:32.550 They may be limited from... 00:09:32.550 --> 00:09:35.320 they can move their head, they can speak fine but they can't 00:09:35.320 --> 00:09:38.120 do anything with their hands, so perhaps they would use speech 00:09:38.120 --> 00:09:42.600 recognition to control a computer or use switches that 00:09:42.600 --> 00:09:46.340 could be located behind their heads so they could click, 00:09:46.340 --> 00:09:49.500 you know, left or right button or maybe even use their head 00:09:49.500 --> 00:09:52.260 to control the cursor as well. 00:09:55.980 --> 00:09:57.820 I'm a junior this year. 00:09:57.827 --> 00:09:59.410 Speech recognition products 00:09:59.410 --> 00:10:02.630 allow users to bypass the keyboard completely. 00:10:02.630 --> 00:10:05.770 This program helps me type. 00:10:05.770 --> 00:10:08.160 Whatever I say it types. 00:10:08.160 --> 00:10:13.550 It's a microphone; I talk into the microphone and it types it out 00:10:13.550 --> 00:10:15.390 on the computer screen. 00:10:15.390 --> 00:10:18.950 Speech recognition software converts spoken words 00:10:18.950 --> 00:10:20.800 into text on the computer. 00:10:20.800 --> 00:10:23.460 The person using it speaks into the microphone 00:10:23.460 --> 00:10:24.950 in a normal manner. 00:10:24.950 --> 00:10:27.340 This type of system requires that the user 00:10:27.340 --> 00:10:30.580 train it to recognize their unique voice. 00:10:32.160 --> 00:10:34.880 It's also important to correct any recognition 00:10:34.880 --> 00:10:36.940 errors that the system makes. 00:10:36.940 --> 00:10:39.050 Most of us are intimidated by computers. 00:10:39.050 --> 00:10:42.420 To use speech recognition technology effectively, 00:10:42.420 --> 00:10:45.460 it's important to have good voice and breath stamina. 00:10:45.470 --> 00:10:48.710 Good reading comprehension is also helpful because there are 00:10:48.710 --> 00:10:51.380 always corrections to the program's text output. 00:10:51.380 --> 00:10:54.200 But it gets easier with practice. 00:10:57.820 --> 00:10:58.700 This research effort 00:10:58.700 --> 00:11:00.440 confirms what so many of us believe. 00:11:00.450 --> 00:11:02.780 Reading systems, which involve both hardware 00:11:02.780 --> 00:11:04.890 and software, are helpful for people 00:11:04.890 --> 00:11:07.320 who find it difficult to hold printed material 00:11:07.320 --> 00:11:09.880 or turn pages. 00:11:09.880 --> 00:11:12.680 A scanner converts hardcopy into a digital image, 00:11:12.680 --> 00:11:15.260 which is then converted into a text file that 00:11:15.260 --> 00:11:17.120 is recognized by the computer. 00:11:17.120 --> 00:11:20.260 Next, the words come up on the screen at the same time 00:11:20.260 --> 00:11:23.560 that a speech synthesizer reads them. 00:11:25.520 --> 00:11:28.460 The most important part of selecting adaptive technology 00:11:28.460 --> 00:11:31.110 is to recognize the needs of the individual using it. 00:11:31.110 --> 00:11:34.600 The best adaptations are the ones you choose yourself. 00:11:34.600 --> 00:11:36.770 It's all about personal success. 00:11:36.770 --> 00:11:39.770 The technology that's being adopted that is now 00:11:39.770 --> 00:11:44.210 quickly becoming the core of our modern economy 00:11:44.210 --> 00:11:45.960 and also our social life. 00:11:45.960 --> 00:11:48.780 Without access to the technology that 00:11:48.780 --> 00:11:51.130 allows us to access these new means, 00:11:51.130 --> 00:11:55.940 it makes it nearly impossible for the disabled individuals 00:11:55.940 --> 00:11:59.560 to participate fully in society.